Thursday, 24 September 2020

AI’s quarry plan for Straitgate likely to be UNDER WATER AGAIN

Many years ago, in a spirit of glasnost, Aggregate Industries decided to share the groundwater data it recorded in and around Straitgate Farm. With so many private water supplies at risk, it did so to show it had nothing to hide.

Not any more. In 2018, Aggregate Industries put a stop to public scrutiny of groundwater data for the Straitgate site – after groundwater levels embarrassingly exceeded the company’s guesstimate of the maximum winter water table, the MWWT, in four locations by up to 1.6m. The MWWT is intended to be the base of any quarry. It’s important to get it right, if no buffer or margin of error is to be left to protect surrounding water supplies. It had apparently been "defined with confidence", but the company still won’t come clean on its accuracy. It was shown to be wrong by a staggering 2.8m in one location.

Aggregate Industries stopped public scrutiny of groundwater levels despite the risk that mineral working poses to surrounding drinking water supplies – as so starkly outlined by Professor Brassington, who also warned:
The MWWT grid will therefore be modelled from levels lower than reality, which will enable AI to excavate below the maximum water table.
Fortunately, however, we still have access to the data from one borehole, PZ10, adjacent to Straitgate Farm. Water levels in this borehole closely trend with those recorded at Straitgate.

For example, in Winter 2013/2014, when PZ10 recorded groundwater at a high level of 103.0 mAOD, high groundwater levels were also recorded across the then 6 piezometers across Straitgate Farm. These levels were then used by Aggregate Industries’ consultants to predict the MWWT across the proposed excavation site.

Following that, the Environment Agency requested further boreholes be drilled and groundwater monitoring piezometers installed to provide a fuller picture of what was going on across the site. There are now 18 piezometers monitoring groundwater levels. A fuller picture was indeed provided.

In Spring 2018, when PZ10 reached 101.7 mAOD, groundwater levels in a number of these new boreholes exceeded the MWWT guesstimate by as much as 1.6m. We posted about it. We alerted Devon County Council and the Environment Agency – who had no access to this data.

What then happened? Aggregate Industries’ consultants, instead of remodelling the entire MWWT, made a trivial finger-in-the-air localised fudge to the modelled surface, which in their so-often-shown-to-be-mistaken view, represented:
a realistic assessment of the change in MWWT arising from the readings in April 2018

But Aggregate Industries' realistic assessment will no doubt have been breached YET AGAIN. Earlier this year, PZ10 reached 102.4 mAOD – 70cm higher than in 2018. It’s virtually certain that a number of the newer piezometers – PZ2017/02 and PZ2017/03 in particular – will have recorded new maximums.

Someone needs to get-a-grip of this nonsense. There needs to be public scrutiny of the groundwater data for Straitgate. The MWWT is never going to be an accurate prediction of the maximum water table. There needs to be a margin of safety, a freeboard, an unquarried buffer retained above the MWWT – like EVERY OTHER QUARRY where drinking water supplies are at risk.


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Delayed again

Aggregate Industries has again failed to meet an agreed extension for determination of its planning application to quarry Straitgate Farm – the company's 10th such extension.

In March, Aggregate Industries and Devon County Council agreed to extend the determination date of the company's planning application to 31 October. This extension has now been missed, given that submission of further information would require at least 30 days of public consultation before the DMC meeting of 21 October.

When we posted in April we asked:
What will be achieved in these months – in the face of a global pandemic and the economic depression that will inevitably follow – that wasn’t achieved during the other months since the application first went live in June 2015? No one would be surprised if the answer were somewhere between zero and nothing.
And indeed no one will be surprised. Aggregate Industries has made no attempt to progress its application for Straitgate during the last 6 months, even if it did find the time and inclination to submit planning applications for nearby Marshbroadmoor and Hillhead.

Some planning applications are no doubt easier than others.

What might Aggregate Industries do now, with the construction industry in dire straits due to the worsening Covid-19 situation, and with aggressive plans by the Drakelands’ operator to flood the South West for evermore with a cheap source of secondary aggregate?

Whatever Aggregate Industries does, we can be sure that our council will continue to entertain the company’s moribund scheme for Straitgate Farm – as it has done pliantly for the last 5 years.
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Dalai Lama: Carbon “must become the most important currency of our time”

Over the past year, millions of young brothers and sisters have been protesting, calling on political leaders to take action to combat climate change. They are helping to educate the public even as we all witness the destruction of ecosystems and the dramatic decrease in biodiversity.
I really appreciate Greta Thunberg’s efforts to raise awareness of the need to take direct action. Her effort to elevate the issue of global warming among schoolchildren is a remarkable achievement. Despite being very young, her sense of universal responsibility is wonderful. I support her “Fridays for Future” movement.
I believe that every individual has a duty to help guide our global family in the right direction. Prayers and good wishes alone are not enough. We have to assume responsibility. Large human movements spring from individual human initiatives.

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LafargeHolcim pledges 20% cut in CO2 emissions by 2030



Lo and behold, one major polluter – the world’s biggest cement maker, with emissions higher than many countries – has responded; 20% is the number picked. LafargeHolcim's chief sustainability officer claims:
It’s the most ambitious target ever produced in the cement sector
That’s quite a claim. Here’s another – from the CEO of competitor CEMEX:


In what might be likened to a Damascene conversion, Jan Jenisch, LafargeHolcim's CEO, claims:
I believe in building a world that works for people and the planet. That’s why we are reinventing how the world builds today to make it greener with low-carbon and circular solutions.
Bravo. Are we to believe the 20% target is achievable?


Or is this 20% another moonshot? More bullshit? More greenwash?

You see, we’ve heard all about 20% targets before – from LafargeHolcim’s very own UK subsidiary, Aggregate Industries:
In 2006: In a watershed year which saw the publication of two significant reports on climate change and its effects on the economy and the environment, we have a clear message: it’s happening and we have to take action now.
In 2008: We continue to work towards our 2012 target of 20% reduction per tonne of production from the 2008 verified baseline as detailed in this report.
In 2011: carbon emissions [have] steadily increased to 11.04 Kg CO2 per tonne in 2011.
In 2012: By 2016 we will reduce process carbon emissions by 20% on 2012 levels in absolute terms.
In 2015: Absolute process carbon emissions continue to rise and are 20% above the 2012 baseline.
It’s easy to pick a number out of the air. Will this one be any different?
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Thursday, 17 September 2020

Drakelands operator to begin selling 700,000 tonnes of stockpiled aggregates – with aim to “saturate” local market

Earlier this week, we posted how an aggregates discovery at the Drakelands tungsten mine at Hemerdon near Plymouth will – claims operator Tungsten West – have "a huge advantage over local competitors".

Clearly plans are moving apace – particularly with regard to the company's plans for aggregates.


Tungsten West hopes to start drilling at its tin-tungsten mine in Devon next week as it looks to raise £5 million with a private placement.
The mining company will also begin selling the 700,000 tonnes of aggregates already stockpiled on the surface within the next few weeks.
In the future, aggregates could be a key product in the whole project.
Chief executive Max Denning said that Tungsten West could produce 3.5 million tonnes of aggregates per annum depending on the quantity exported.
Mr Denning added that the company’s short-term strategy is to “saturate the entirety of the road capacity in and around Hemerdon and attack the local market which equates to half a million to 750,000 tonnes per annum.”

EDIT 29.9.20 Devon County Council has published a site monitoring report for Drakelands. 

On the issue of previous noise complaints:
The operator is also considering a number of changes to the process plant which are intended to deal with the previously unresolved issue of Low Frequency noise (LFN) this is an issue about which the regulators and the local community are expecting the new plant to provide a resolution. 15.0
On the issue of secondary aggregates:
The Operators have an approach to the MPA for consent to remove secondary aggregate from the mine in order to provide additional start up finance and to provide suitable material for the development of the Sherford new settlement to the east of Plymouth. This was possible by written agreement under the provisions of Condition 19 which restricts aggregate exports (which would normally be permitted development) to 50 in any one day and the total tonnage of secondary aggregate transported shall not exceed 4,000 tonnes in any week or 150,000 tonnes in any calendar year with the condition “tail” that numbers are so restricted unless the prior consent of the Mineral Planning Authority has been secured. Following discussions with the Highway Authorities, a temporary uplift of aggregate export movements has been agreed for a 6 month period while the operators put together a formal planning application. 22.0
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‘Humanity at a crossroads’

The Global Biodiversity Outlook 5, published before a key UN summit on the issue later this month, found that despite progress in some areas, natural habitats have continued to disappear, vast numbers of species remain threatened by extinction from human activities, and $500bn (£388bn) of environmentally damaging government subsidies have not been eliminated.
The UN’s biodiversity head, Elizabeth Maruma Mrema, said humanity was at a crossroads that would decide how future generations experience the natural world.
“Earth’s living systems as a whole are being compromised. And the more humanity exploits nature in unsustainable ways and undermines its contributions to people, the more we undermine our own wellbeing, security and prosperity,” she said.
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Major investors demand climate action from big polluters

As ice shelves shatter and millions of acres burn, investors collectively controlling assets worth $47 trillion are demanding environmental action from the world’s biggest corporate polluters, of which cement giant LafargeHolcim – parent company of Aggregate Industries – is one.



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AI pushes same old arguments for plan to continue to despoil Dorset AONB

In July, we posted AI's plan to extend Chard quarry would have ‘significant adverse impact on AONB’, how Aggregate Industries' planning application WD/D/19/000451 submitted to Dorset Council to extend Chard Junction Quarry at Westford Park Farm had attracted objections from Dorset AONB Partnership, and also from Dorset Council Landscape Officer who wrote:
I have a concern that a detrimental effect on this part of the AONB is unavoidable with assessment C not being met of the National Planning Policy Framework 2019. The proposed quarry extension with its associated haul road is considered to have the potential for a significant adverse landscape impact on the character of the designated Area of Outstanding Natural beauty.
The NPPF is of course very clear about AONBs:
Planning permission should be refused for major development other than in exceptional circumstances…
Aggregate Industries is plainly getting rattled by the responses to this application, and the company’s consultants have now fired off another letter to Dorset Council to re-address the AONB issue – claiming that the Council and the Dorset AONB team have got it all wrong:
...we consider that the Landscape officers’ and AONB Team’s consultation responses do not reflect a balanced assessment of the development.
Well, Aggregate Industries' consultants would say that, wouldn't they?

These consultants – being completely impartial, of course – think they are the ones who can provide a balanced view. As if. Last month – representing the company that couldn't care less about carbon and climate change, if its multi-million mile haulage scheme for Straitgate Farm is anything to go by – they wrote:
Taking a balanced view, it is considered that given the clear and substantive benefits that this scheme can bring to this part of the AONB, the carbon and climate change benefits of retaining a sand and gravel quarry within this location, the associated benefits to the local economy and the acceptable environmental and technical assessments, the proposed extension at Westford Park Farm is in the public interest and the proposal meets the exceptional circumstances as set out in paragraph 172.
However balanced Aggregate Industries' consultants' view might be, they did nothing more than rehash the same tired old arguments, adding nothing new or exceptional to justify why the company's sand and gravel quarry at Chard Junction should continue to blight the Dorset AONB.

In fact, the above paragraph has been wheeled out before, lazily lifted virtually word for word from a previous document in April:
4.1.20 Therefore, it is considered that given the clear and substantive benefits that this scheme can bring to this part of the AONB, the carbon and climate change benefits of retaining a sand and gravel quarry within this location, the associated benefits to the local economy and the acceptable environmental and technical assessments, the proposed extension at Westford Park Farm is in the public interest and the proposal meets the exceptional circumstances tests set out in the NPPF.
We already know that Dorset AONB Partnership has found Aggregate Industries' arguments for exceptional circumstances "uncompelling":
I note that the applicant has submitted information in support of their view that the proposal is able to meet the requirements of an exceptional circumstances test. In my opinion, there are aspects of the arguments presented that are uncompelling.
Furthermore:
The major adverse effect of the operation of the proposed extension on the undeveloped, tranquil and remote character of the site and its context clearly compromise the special qualities of the AONB, placing the application in conflict with a wide range of Management Plan policies, as listed earlier.
These views should hardly come as a surprise to Aggregate Industries. As far back as 2018, a scoping opinion from Dorset Council stated:
The Dorset AONB Team have also provided the following comments “At this early stage I would like to express my strong concern regarding the foreseeable landscape and visual effects of the proposal. The site area possesses a strong and attractive rural character, with an undulating pastoral appearance and mature hedgerows and trees bounding the fields. There are close views into the site area from publicly accessible locations and the area is an integral part of the hillside in views into the AONB from the opposite side of the Axe Valley. Consequently, it is my opinion that the site is highly sensitive to the proposed development and it is difficult to see how foreseeable significant effects could be satisfactorily addressed.”
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Marshbroadmoor: Covid-19 means AI needs more time to import restoration material

Whilst the company’s planning application for Straitgate Farm sits in perpetual limbo, Aggregate Industries is finding time for other planning matters.

We’ve already posted how the company found time to submit plans for a new asphalt plant at Hillhead – with its 27m high hilltop smokestack.

Now, Aggregate Industries has found time to make another planning application, this time in relation to Marshbroadmoor near Rockbeare. DCC/4197/2020 seeks "Variation of Condition 3 of planning permission DCC/4132/2019 to allow the importation of material until 31 March 2021."

Permission was granted to work Marshbroadmoor back in 1995. Twenty five years on, this small parcel of land – that has yielded no more than a few hundred thousand tonnes of sand and gravel – has still not been restored.

Devon County Council approved planning application DCC/4132/2019 in December last year, with Condition 3 stipulating that "restoration shall be phased in strict accordance with the letter dated 20 November 2019" and that:
The importation of material at the area known as Marshbroadmoor outlined on drawing no. 2647-4-1-DR-0005 S5-P9 (dated December 2019) must cease by 30 September 2020.
Aggregate Industries is claiming exceptional circumstances again. Not this time as an argument to despoil an AONB – currently the Dorset AONB – but because of Covid-19:
Due to the exceptional circumstances of the Covid 19 pandemic inputs at Marshbroadmoor have not been as expected and we are therefore seeking a short time extension of 6 months to the 31 March 2021 to continue importing material to complete the approved restoration works.
We hope the Council will recognise that these are events wholly outside the control of the company and will support this short time extension as it will assist in supporting the local businesses as the local economy continues to recover.
Aggregate Industries claims the requested extension will not delay overall restoration of the site, due by 30 December 2021. Time will tell.
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Sunday, 13 September 2020

‘Enormous supply of cheap aggregates discovered in Devon’, claims Tungsten West

A surprise and "lucky" aggregates discovery at the Drakelands tungsten and tin mine at Hemerdon near Plymouth will have "a huge advantage over local competitors", claims operator Tungsten West.

We’ve posted about Drakelands before. Since the discovery of a tungsten-tin deposit in 1867, the site has had a chequered history. Wolf Minerals was the latest company to attempt to profit from the deposit, pouring £200 million into the site before calling in the administrators in 2018.

Last year, Drakelands was purchased by Tungsten West Ltd. Operations are due to restart in 2021.

Of course, it’s easy to stand next to a hole in the ground and make grandiose predictions of untold mineral wealth; mining companies do it all the time – particularly when looking to raise funds from hopeful investors. Once upon a time, it was claimed there were 20 million tonnes of sand and gravel at Straitgate; now Aggregate Industries is struggling to make the case for less than 5% of that.

Grand claims are now being made about Drakelands, particularly about the huge supply of aggregates discovered. If those claims prove true, Aggregate Industries, and its business across the South West, will suffer.


Tungsten West has reassessed the Hemerdon site, and claims to have discovered hundreds of millions of tonnes of aggregates. The granite mined for the tungsten and tin "makes exceptionally high value aggregates." Classed as secondary aggregate – a by-product of working the metal deposits – this material would have "a huge advantage over local competitors" by avoiding the aggregates levy of £2 per tonne. Tungsten West’s executive chairman talks of a "fantastic opportunity" and claims:
The mine sits in an area of the UK which is desperately short of aggregates with very good prices.
We have the full suite, from 40 ml clean gravels all the way down to fine sands, which are produced naturally as part of the processing route.
Last month, according to Tungsten West, Devon County Council agreed to application PRE/4195/2020 to temporarily increase the amount of aggregates permitted to leave the site, from 150,000 tonnes to 1.4 million tonnes a year. Tungsten West hopes to make this permanent, and thereafter increase it further to 2 to 2.5 million tonnes a year, "once we’ve demonstrated we can sell that much aggregate into the local and wider markets."

Tungsten West hopes local markets could take "in the order of 0.5 million tonnes a year", and has apparently "signed letters of intent and are in the process of formalising full sales contracts for a number of large local housing projects where we would be the exclusive supplier of aggregates." The company claims the already-mined tailings from the Wolf Minerals operation contain 3 million tonnes of finely crushed granite which can be readily used for concrete and mortar.

In the longer term, Tungsten West is looking to sell 3.5 to 4 million tonnes of aggregates per year, which – with "at the gate prices of £12-14/tonne" – could produce "$50million of revenues." Drakelands is "less than a mile from rail", and, using Plymouth docks, aggregates could be shipped to London and Continental Europe. Tungsten West now expects 50% of revenue to come from tungsten, 5% to 10% from tin, and 40 to 50% from aggregates.

A new supply of levy-free aggregates of the magnitude described is bound to have an impact on the South West market, undoubtedly forcing current players to reassess the scale of their operations.
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Saturday, 12 September 2020

Rockbeare site up for sale

It wasn’t many years ago that Aggregate Industries was saying the derelict concrete products plant at Rockbeare was being set aside as an alternative location to process any material from nearby Straitgate. In fact, Straitgate was included in the Devon Minerals Plan on the basis that processing could be carried out at Rockbeare.

It is this Company’s view that there is an inextricable link between Straitgate Farm and the Rockbeare Minerals Working Area...
And that furthermore:
Working the reserve at Straitgate Farm initially and possibly wholly through our existing mineral site at Rockbeare we believe is both efficient and has environmental benefits.
That’s all in the past now. In 2016, Waycon Precast Ltd took over the site, having secured a bridging loan. One director remarked:
The company now has a really bright future and, importantly, jobs have been secured.
Last year, Waycon Precast Ltd went into administration, with a long list of creditors, including Aggregate Industries owed £75k. The business was subsequently acquired on a pre-pack basis by Waycon CP Ltd.

The site is now up for rent and sale:
Offers sought in excess of £2,750,000 for the long leasehold interest in the property subject to contract and exclusive of VAT.
Currently, the site is:
Let to an established tenant until 31st December 2020 at £240,000 pa.

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Thursday, 10 September 2020

‘More contractors are requesting recycled sand’


Sheehan Group – an Oxfordshire-based company recycling construction and demolition waste – claims "more and more contractors are embracing high-grade recycled sand, which has a lower carbon footprint and protects a scarce natural resource". Sheehan's finance director commented in AggNet:
It largely goes unreported that sand is on the endangered natural resource list. Globally, around 13 billion tonnes of sand are mined for construction and the impact on the environment is vast and unsustainable.
Natural resources will not be able to cope with ongoing demand, but there are alternative solutions that are sustainable. Our circular driven economy approach to recycling C&D waste not only reduces the amount of waste going to landfill, but it also creates high-quality recycled products that can be used in local projects.
In eight years, we have produced 333,000 tonnes of recycled sand, which competes with mined products on the market. We are finding more contractors are requesting recycled sand for use in construction projects and, by doing so, are helping make a positive difference to the climate emergency.
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Asphalt roads make city air pollution worse in summer, study finds

It's going to take more than electric vehicles to solve our air pollution problem – if we keep laying asphalt.

Whilst Aggregate Industries proposes a new asphalt plant on a Devon hilltop with a 27m smokestack, researchers from Yale University, Carnegie Mellon University and the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry have shown that emissions from asphalt surfaces are a significant source of air pollution in urban areas, especially in hot weather.

Dr Gary Fuller, senior lecturer in air quality measurement at Imperial College London, said:
"We already know road surfaces are an increasingly important source of air pollution. We have historically thought of traffic pollution as coming from vehicle exhausts. This has been the focus of policy and new vehicles have to be fitted with exhaust clean-up technologies.


"With heavier and heavier vehicles, the combined total of particle pollution from road surface, brake and tyre wear is now greater than the particle emissions from vehicle exhaust but there are no policies to control this."
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Northumberland opencast coal mine plan refused again


In 2016, Northumberland County Council gave permission for Banks Mining to extract 3 million tonnes of coal near Druridge Bay on the North East coast. In 2018, following a public inquiry, plans for the opencast pit were rejected. This decision was then challenged, but the Secretary of State has now concluded:
...the proposed development is not likely to provide national, local or community benefits which clearly outweigh its likely impacts...

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Farringdon ‘smart’ building to be cement-free

LafargeHolcim – parent company of Aggregate Industries – is one of the world's largest cement producers. If the cement industry were a country, it would be the third largest emitter of CO2 in the world.


According to Willmott Dixon, "around half of all non-renewable resources that mankind consumes are used in construction, making it one of the least sustainable industries in the world". If the construction industry is to move to greener practices, it must remove cement from the equation. This new £140m office development, to be built close to Farringdon station in London, will do just that:


According to The Construction Index:
To boost green credentials, Mace has committed to using cement-free concrete, which uses ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and fly ash instead of Portland cement. The material, called Earth Friendly Concrete and made by Australian materials firm Wagners, made its UK debut on Landsec’s Nova East development in London Victoria last year.
We first posted about using fly ash as a cement substitute back in 2013.
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Thursday, 3 September 2020

Lafarge accused of polluting the Seine

Wherever LafargeHolcim – the parent company of Aggregate Industries – operates, it seems to court controversy. This time it’s in Paris:




According to Global Cement:
The mayor of Paris has contacted the public prosecutor to request a criminal action against LafargeHolcim.
EDIT 8.9.20

Reuters quotes François Petry, previously head of Aggregate Industries, now head of LafargeHolcim France:
“We take these isolated incidents that took place in two of our sites by La Seine very seriously.” 
He said the firm was no longer working with a driver involved in one of the incidents - he did not specify which one - and that he had personally reminded employees and contractors about complying with company standards.  
All the firm’s Paris sites will undergo an audit, and a re-training program has been launched, Petry said. 
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Wednesday, 2 September 2020

Building houses in a worked-out sand & gravel quarry – what could go wrong?

Geologically, the sand and gravel resource underlying Straitgate Farm – a deposit apparently so attractive and profitable that Aggregate Industries has spent a good part of the last decade struggling to make a planning application for the site hold together – is categorised as being from the Chester Formation, formerly known as the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds and part of the Sherwood Sandstone Group.

Such deposits were laid down between 250 and 200 million years ago in the Triassic period. According to this Devon Geology Guide – Triassic Pebble Beds, Sandstones and Mudstones:
Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds (in the Sherwood Sandstone Group) is a very prominent and distinctive gravel (or conglomerate as it should properly be called), with hard and rounded pebbles and cobbles and a substantial proportion of sand deposited by a large river flowing from a distant source. Fossils in the pebbles show that they came from mountains of much older Ordovician age in northern France. The large river continued north into the English Midlands. It ceased flowing into Devon when subsidence created an early version of the English Channel.
The Devon outcrops are closest to the presumed source, in northern France, and comprise brown, horizontally-bedded conglomerate with subordinate lenticular beds of trough cross-bedded pebbly sand and sand. The gravel is composed of well-rounded pebbles, cobbles and boulders in a coarse to fine granulestone and silty sandstone matrix.
The Chester Formation extends northwards "up to the Cumbrian coast on the west side of England, and to the Doncaster area on the east side." In Nottinghamshire, "the formation comprises pinkish red or buff-grey, medium- to coarse-grained, pebbly, cross-bedded, friable sandstone."

It is this sand and gravel deposit in Nottinghamshire – much like the one at Straitgate – that was extracted from Berry Hill Quarry, and it is this deposit that owners of the houses subsequently built in the worked out pit wish they had never heard about.

Last November, a landslide occurred after a period of intense rainfall; 32 homes had to be evacuated:
As a matter of safety, 32 homes were evacuated, and 19 remained evacuated for two weeks. During the two weeks, the council commissioned specialist consultants to deliver a programme of emergency remedial works to clear the 1,300 tonnes of material that slipped, tree removal, the creation of a stone access path at the rear of properties and the installation of blocks and bunds to give temporary protection to properties in Stone Bank and Bank End Close.


Politicians made flying visits and all sorts of promises:

Speaking on a campaign trip to the town, the Prime Minister said victims of the collapse need to receive the "maximum amount" of support from central and local government, and pledged that, if his party wins the election, he will "do everything we can" to make sure properties affected by last week's adverse weather are "restored”.


But it wasn’t surprising that steep sandy cliffs made of "friable" material might collapse when wet. As the BGS put it, in this study of the landslide:
The Sherwood Sandstone Group exhibits a wide range of engineering properties (Yates, 1992) and rockfalls and landsliding are known to occur (Bell et al., 2009). In Nottinghamshire, it is often characterised as weak rock, containing extremely weak members; its strength decreases by 30–40% when saturated (Sattler, 2018).
Last month, a review stated – what should have been obvious to planners at the time – that the Mansfield mudslide site 'should not have been developed until secure'. Mansfield District Council said it will "learn" from the findings. Residents impacted by the quarry collapse, and worried their homes are now "worthless", say they are 'none-the-wiser' following the report.



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Mining

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Tuesday, 1 September 2020

Scotland mulling Aggregates Levy increase

The Scottish Government is reviewing an increase in the Aggregates Levy. As this document sets out:
The UK Aggregates Levy was introduced in 2002 with the dual aims of reducing the negative environmental impacts of quarrying and increasing the recycling rate of construction materials, by reducing the rate of primary material extraction. The scope of the UK levy includes all sand, gravel and rock that has either been dug from the ground, dredged from the sea in UK waters or imported into the country. The current rate of the levy is £2 per tonne of aggregates.
The levy was initially intended to rise in line with inflation, but after lobbying by the industry has been held at £2 per tonne since 2010. Scotland is now exploring a number of future options:
Modelling of illustrative policy options for the Scottish Aggregates Levy suggests that the most effective policy option for maximising the levy revenue and the production of recycled aggregates, while minimising the externality impacts of primary aggregates production, is to increase the rate of the (current UK) levy in Scotland.


The Scottish Government has pointed to the already high rates of recycling for construction and demolition waste, but suggested:
... it should be noted that some of the recycled aggregates are currently being utilised in low value uses of aggregates (e.g. pipe bedding or backfilling) due to various restrictions on use of recycled aggregates in concrete production and/or presence of various exemption for the landfill tax for inert waste. In order to increase the substitution of primary aggregates with recycled aggregates, further incentives will be needed through revising some of the exemptions of the landfill tax for inert materials, while introducing minimum quality restrictions on recovery of C&D wastes.
It's noteworthy that sales of sand and gravel in Scotland have followed trends witnessed elsewhere in the UK. The decline is expected to continue:
The market analysis revealed that aggregates production seems to be following a declining trend over the past few years, especially for sand and gravel. Moreover, the econometric forecasting of the aggregates production suggests that the declining trend will likely continue over the next few years as well, although econometric forecasts are always subject to a degree of uncertainty in the wider economy as well as the construction industry.
It's also noteworthy that Aggregate Industries’ largest quarry is in Scotland.


As we have previously posted, calls have been made in the past for increases in the Aggregates Levy across the rest of the UK, in order to promote the increased use of sustainable sources of minerals as secondary aggregates – such as the hundreds of millions of tonnes of china clay mining waste piled all over Devon and Cornwall – as replacement for unsustainable primary or virgin aggregates.

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