Wednesday 21 December 2022

Merry Christmas


It's nearly Christmas – and, despite everything, the Straitgate saga has continued for yet another year. 

The first half of the year was spent enjoying the freedoms delivered last December by Councillors on Devon County Council’s Development Management Committee, who had refused Aggregate Industries’ planning application to quarry Straitgate Farm. 

Unfortunately, it was not to last. The company appealed the decision, and the second half of the year was spent preparing for the two-week public inquiry in October, participating in it, and waiting for its outcome. 

Let’s hope 2023 will be a positive one. 

We wish all readers a Merry Christmas and a Happy New Year.
 

Why is quarrying a problem? AI provides the answers... and a few jokes too

AI says quarrying can cause problems:
Quarrying can have a number of environmental and social impacts. Here are ten of the most significant problems associated with quarrying: 
1. Habitat destruction: Quarrying can involve the removal of large areas of vegetation, which can destroy habitats and disrupt ecosystems.
 
2. Air pollution: Quarrying can generate dust and other air pollutants, which can have negative impacts on human health and the environment.
 
3. Water pollution: Quarrying can also result in the contamination of surface and groundwater, which can have serious impacts on aquatic ecosystems and human health.
 
4. Noise pollution: Quarrying can generate noise that can be a nuisance to people living and working near the quarry.
 
5. Traffic: Quarries can generate significant amounts of traffic, which can cause congestion and air pollution in nearby communities.
 
6. Landscape degradation: Quarries can have a negative impact on the appearance of the local landscape, which can reduce property values and negatively affect tourism.
 
7. Biodiversity loss: Quarrying can result in the loss of biodiversity, as animals and plants are displaced or destroyed.
 
8. Soil erosion: Quarrying can lead to soil erosion, which can reduce soil fertility and productivity.
 
9. Social disruption: Quarries can cause social disruption in nearby communities, as they can generate noise, dust, and traffic.
 
10. Health risks: Quarrying can pose risks to the health of workers and those living and working near the quarry, due to the potential for exposure to dust, noise, and other pollutants.

Apologies to anyone thinking we were referring to another AI, but Aggregate Industries is unlikely to produce a list like that. 

This list was produced by artificial intelligence, specifically the new chatbot ChatGPT that can write text on almost any subject with only the most basic of instructions and is forecast to produce $1 billion in revenue by 2024 for its Microsoft-backed owner OpenAI.
 

We’ve touched on artificial intelligence before, for example AI pins hopes on AI and AI has been all over the news recently

We asked ChatGPT to explain artificial intelligence in simple terms: 
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the ability of a computer or machine to mimic or replicate human cognition, including the ability to learn, reason, and solve problems. In simple terms, AI is the intelligence exhibited by machines or software. This can include a wide range of technologies, from simple algorithms that can recognize patterns in data, to more advanced systems that can simulate human-like decision-making and problem-solving abilities. AI has the potential to revolutionize many fields, from healthcare and transportation to finance and education. 
The chatbot had answers for other subjects too, like why is groundwater important?
Groundwater is important for a number of reasons. First and foremost, it is a critical source of drinking water for many people around the world. In many places, groundwater is the only source of fresh, clean water available, and it is essential for maintaining the health and wellbeing of both communities and individuals. Groundwater is also important for irrigation, which is crucial for growing crops and supporting agriculture. Many farmers and agricultural operations rely on groundwater to water their crops, and in some parts of the world, groundwater is the only source of water available for irrigation. In addition to its practical uses, groundwater also plays an important role in the natural environment. It helps to maintain the health of wetlands and other aquatic ecosystems, and it can help to regulate the flow of rivers and streams. Groundwater can also help to prevent soil erosion and protect against the effects of drought. Overall, groundwater is a vital resource that is essential for supporting life on Earth. It is important to conserve and protect this resource, so that it can continue to provide the many benefits it offers to people and the environment. 
And why is it important to protect heritage assets? 
There are many reasons why it is important to protect heritage assets. Heritage assets are a valuable part of our shared history and cultural identity, and they help to tell the story of who we are as a society. They also provide us with a sense of place and connection to the past, and they can help to foster a sense of community and belonging. Heritage assets are also important from an economic perspective. They can attract tourists and generate revenue for local communities, and they can also provide opportunities for job creation and economic development. In addition, heritage assets can increase the value of nearby properties, and they can contribute to the overall vitality and livability of a community. Furthermore, heritage assets are an important source of information and knowledge about the past. They can provide insight into the history and culture of a particular place, and they can help us to learn about the people and events that have shaped our world. They can also help us to understand the natural environment and the ways in which people have interacted with it over time. Overall, protecting heritage assets is important because they are a valuable part of our shared history and cultural identity, and they offer many benefits to both individuals and society as a whole.
Why should we protect trees? 
There are many reasons why we should protect trees. Here are just a few: 1. Trees provide essential habitat for many species of plants and animals, and are an important part of the Earth's ecosystem. 2. Trees help to regulate the climate and reduce air pollution by absorbing carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. 3. Trees provide many other environmental benefits, such as reducing soil erosion and flooding, and providing shade and shelter from the sun and wind. 4. Trees are also important for human health and well-being. For example, spending time in natural settings such as forests has been shown to improve mental health and reduce stress. 5. Finally, trees are a valuable natural resource that provide many practical benefits, such as timber for building and fuel, and fruits and nuts for food. Protecting trees is essential for maintaining these important resources for future generations. 
Why are hedgerows important? 
Hedgerows are important for a variety of reasons. For one, they provide habitat and shelter for a wide range of plants and animals, including birds, insects, and small mammals. This can help support biodiversity in an area and provide important ecosystem services, such as pollination and pest control. In addition, hedgerows can help prevent soil erosion and can provide a physical barrier to help contain livestock. They can also serve as a visual boundary between properties, helping to define the landscape and providing a sense of place. 
Why should we protect farmland? 
There are many reasons why we should protect farmland. Here are just a few: 1. Farmland is essential for the production of food, which is necessary for human survival. 2. Protecting farmland helps to preserve the natural environment, including the habitats of many species of plants and animals. 3. Farming practices that are sustainable and conservation-oriented can help to reduce soil erosion, water pollution, and other environmental problems. 4. Preserving farmland also helps to support rural communities and the agricultural industry, which are important parts of the economy. 5. Finally, protecting farmland helps to ensure that we have a reliable and secure food supply in the future, as the world's population continues to grow. 
The chatbot even had an answer to the question of whether there are more sustainable ways of producing sand and gravel? 
Yes, there are more sustainable ways of producing sand and gravel. Some of these methods include: 1. Using crushed rock as a substitute for sand and gravel. This can reduce the need to extract natural sand and gravel from rivers and other sources, which can have a negative impact on the environment. 2. Recycling construction waste and using it as a source of sand and gravel. This can help to reduce the amount of waste that ends up in landfills, and can provide a sustainable source of building materials. 3. Using alternative materials such as recycled glass or plastic in place of sand and gravel. This can reduce the demand for natural resources and help to reduce pollution. 4. Implementing responsible mining and quarrying practices, such as restoring mined areas to their original state and using advanced technologies to minimize the environmental impact of sand and gravel production. Overall, there are many ways to produce sand and gravel in a more sustainable manner, and it is important to explore and promote these options to help protect the environment. 
We also asked the chatbot how quarry companies could make their planning applications more appealing for local communities. Judging by the hash Aggregate Industries made of its application to quarry Straitgate Farm, the company could benefit from following the chatbot's advice:
There are several ways that quarry companies can make their planning applications more appealing to local communities: 1. Engage with the community early on in the process: Quarry companies should engage with the local community at an early stage in the planning process to understand their concerns and address them in the application. 2. Consider the impact on the environment: Quarry companies should take steps to minimize the environmental impact of their operations, such as by using environmentally-friendly practices or implementing measures to reduce noise and dust pollution. 3. Offer benefits to the community: Quarry companies can offer benefits to the local community, such as funding for community projects or employment opportunities, to help build support for their planning application. 4. Be transparent and open to feedback: Quarry companies should be transparent about their operations and be open to feedback and suggestions from the local community. 5. Communicate effectively: Quarry companies should communicate clearly and effectively with the local community to ensure that they understand the proposed project and its potential benefits and impacts. By following these steps, quarry companies can make their planning applications more appealing to local communities and increase the chances of their application being approved.
And its advice on greenwashing might be worth following too: 
Greenwashing is the practice of making false or misleading claims about the environmental benefits of a product or service in order to promote it as being more environmentally friendly than it actually is. While greenwashing can be an effective marketing strategy in the short term, it can ultimately backfire on companies that are found to be engaging in it. In the long term, greenwashing can erode trust and credibility with consumers, as well as lead to legal and reputational risks for the company. In addition, the increasing awareness and concern about environmental issues among consumers means that they are more likely to be skeptical of greenwashing claims and to do their own research before making purchasing decisions. Therefore, while greenwashing may be effective in the short term as a marketing tactic, it is not a sustainable or ethical approach to business, and can ultimately do more harm than good for a company's reputation and bottom line.
And what about one of the big questions that occupied the planning inquiry? Will the pH of spring water sources from the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds be reduced if the travel time of groundwater in the unsaturated zone is reduced? 
It is possible that the pH of spring water sources from the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds could be reduced if the travel time of groundwater in the unsaturated zone is reduced. The pH of water is influenced by a variety of factors, including the geochemistry of the rocks and minerals through which the water flows and the presence of dissolved gases and ions. If the travel time of groundwater in the unsaturated zone is reduced, it is likely that the water will have less time to interact with the rocks and minerals through which it flows. This could result in a reduction in the concentration of certain ions, such as bicarbonate and carbonate, which can buffer the water and help to maintain a neutral or alkaline pH. If the concentration of these ions is reduced, the water may become more acidic. It is worth noting that the pH of spring water can also be affected by other factors, such as the presence of pollutants or the acidity of the air. Therefore, it is important to consider all of these factors when evaluating the potential impact of reduced travel time on the pH of spring water sources.
You have to pinch yourself that a human isn't somewhere behind the scenes typing out the responses.

The chatbot even tells jokes. We asked it to tell one involving Devon, some cows and a quarry: 
Why did the cows in Devon refuse to go near the quarry? Because they heard it was a rocky relationship!
And then another: 
Why did the cows in Devon go on strike? They were fed up with the quarry constantly moooving their grass! 
And then another:
A farmer in Devon had a problem with his cows constantly wandering into the local quarry. He tried everything to keep them out, but nothing seemed to work. Finally, in desperation, he went to the quarry owner and asked for help. 
The quarry owner thought for a moment and then had an idea. He went to the local theater and hired a group of actors to dress up in cow costumes and stand at the entrance to the quarry. 
The next day, when the farmer's cows approached the quarry, they saw the "cows" standing there and turned around and went back to the farm. 
The farmer was amazed and asked the quarry owner how he managed to solve the problem. The quarry owner replied, "Oh, it was easy. I just gave them a preview of the moo-vies!"
OK, not great. But – given the impact that bovine movements have had on Aggregate Industries' plans for Straitgate Farm – slightly uncanny.
   

‘The inequality that is wrecking our atmosphere’

Our Changing Climate is a YouTube channel with a bi-weekly video essay series that investigates humanity's relationship to the natural world. 

In one of its videos, the narrator says: 
... eleven people dressed in suits walk into a conference room in Switzerland. They sit down and begin to decide the fate of the world... 
He is referring to the parent of Aggregate Industries, polluting cement giant Holcim, which has a starring role in the video. We have set it to start at the relevant location. Feel free to watch the whole thing.

Thursday 15 December 2022

Climate activists target Lafarge Holcim cement plant

Aggregate Industries’ parent company – a company responsible for more than 7bn tonnes of CO2 emissions between 1950 and 2021 – has been targeted by climate activists in France. Cement is responsible for around 8 percent of all greenhouse gases.

Monday 5 December 2022

River Yealm polluted again

In November 2020, we posted Devon quarry operator pollutes River Yealm. The pollution incident was investigated by an environment officer, who "traced it back to a quarry operation further up the catchment." The Environment Agency said "rainfall had caused contaminated run-off to escape the containment area of a quarry-related operation and enter the river.


Today, just two years later, it was reported that the River Yealm has been polluted again:
 

EDIT 6.12.22 

The source of pollution has now been identified. More than 12 miles of waterways are affected:
The Environment Agency (EA) said it was trying to stop the contaminant being discharged in the River Piall, which flows into the River Yealm, in the South Hams. 

The EA declined to reveal the source of the pollution due to possible enforcement action.

Imagine the headlines if AI wrecked the drinking water supplies around Straitgate

Aggregate Industries is prepared to risk the natural spring water supplies around Straitgate Farm – relied upon by many, including Grade I Cadhay – without ANY idea what alternatives could feasibly be supplied, as its proposed unilateral undertaking confirms.

In its quest for an immaterial amount of sand and gravel – immaterial as far as any shortfall in Devon’s landbank is concerned – the company is prepared to risk permanently destroying a natural source of drinking water that has supplied local people for in some cases hundreds and in other cases thousands of years

You can imagine the headlines if the worst were to happen. Aggregate Industries destroys centuries-old water supply to grade I listed tudor manor house, might be one. Aggregate Industries leaves more than 120 people not knowing how drinking water supplies will be replaced, might be another. Experts warned this would happen, another. 

In fact, you don’t have to imagine. Water supplies were lost elsewhere in Devon last week – receiving the sort of media coverage you might expect. 

The difference? In South Devon the loss is temporary. At Straitgate it could be permanent.

Wednesday 30 November 2022

‘Half of councils lack the capacity to monitor compliance with planning enforcement’

The finding comes from a Royal Town Planning Institute (RTPI) survey into the scale and nature of resourcing challenges faced by council enforcement teams. 
The RTPI collected responses from 133 enforcement officers representing approximately one third of local authorities in England.  
It reported that, “while 50 per cent of survey respondents answered their local authority did monitor compliance of conditions, almost all of the interviewees reported difficulties in doing this”.   
It concluded: ”[Authorities] are now largely reactive, relying on members of the public to alert them to non-compliance”.  
“Many councils experience people repeatedly carrying out serious unauthorised development, but these cases are dissimilar and warrant different responses. Lack of resourcing inhibits local authorities from taking direct action, unless there is a political will, and a central government pot of money is widely supported as a means to resolve this”. 
The RTPI survey found that funding and staffing were two of the biggest issues facing councils. The RTPI found 80 per cent of respondents reported not having enough enforcement officers to carry out their workload, 89 per cent said their councils currently experienced a backlog of enforcement cases, and 70 per cent that their authority struggled to recruit enforcement officers in the past five years. 
The results chime with data Planning collected as part of our research into the 50 biggest planning authorities, when we found a 12.2 per cent median drop in the number of enforcement notices issued in the two years to March 2022 compared to the two previous years. 
This problem came to a head in Gloucester this week with reports that the city council has 38 ongoing cases and no dedicated enforcement officers. 
The report’s author, Madeleine Bauer, said: “Long term under-resourcing combined with the accumulation of cases during the pandemic has resulted in backlogs and low staff morale.  “Moreover, the lack of resources both within enforcement teams as well as in the appeals system and the courts systems is responsible for large delays within the system. 
“The service provided to the public has significantly deteriorated”. 
Bauer added: “This undermines the planning system as a whole and negatively affects members of the public who rely on its integrity.”

Thursday 24 November 2022

‘As a pedestrian against a 44-tonne truck, it really is nerve-wracking’

One reason for Devon County Council's refusal last year of Aggregate Industries' planning application to quarry Straitgate Farm was summarised in the Council's Statement of Case issued for the recent Public Inquiry
6.43 The Straitgate Proposals will, at peaks, send some 200 articulated tipper trucks out of the Site onto the highway network at Birdcage Lane, in close proximity to a bus stop used by schoolchildren. The Appellant proposes to gravel a verge to prevent passengers walking along the carriageway in times of wet weather, and to impose “embargoes” on truck movements during school pick up and drop off times. However, AIUK does not and would not own the relevant vehicle fleet, and it has provided the MPA with no certainty that the embargoes would be effective, in circumstances where there is considerable uncertainty regarding the impact of cattle crossings on the Appellant’s intended operations. 
It goes without saying that the interaction between 44-tonne HGVs and pedestrians, especially children, is a crucial matter to resolve, as this Somerset tale shows:
 
"The 2.8m [wide] road is our footway and we share it with these HGVs every day - and they're not giving way." 

"The HGV didn't stop for me, he kept edging towards me, so I just thought: 'I'm not moving, I've got right of way.' 

"So I stood still, he stood still. I sat in the road in the end. I thought: 'I'm not moving'. 

"He chose to bully me by edging forwards so that I would have to retrace my steps back to where I could go to a passing place. As a pedestrian against a 44-tonne truck, it really is nerve-wracking." 

Hanson Aggregates said it had since received a letter of apology from the "experienced" driver who works for one of its customers.

Monday 21 November 2022

HVO – AI’s answer to the Straitgate sustainability issue – gets bad press

Aggregate Industries’ answer to the 2.5 million mile haulage scheme for its Straitgate Farm planning application is to claim that the HGVs hauling as-dug sand and gravel to Uffculme for processing would run on chip fat biofuel, or HVO as it's commonly known – hydrotreated vegetable oil. 

How this would be done is anybody’s guess, since the company does not own its own fleet of trucks and HVO is not available on garage forecourts – as Devon County Council pointed out. How this would be monitored and policed is another issue – as the Council also acknowledged. HVO was part of the S106 heads of terms when the application was originally determined, part of the legally enforceable planning obligations; now the HVO proposal finds itself as another planning condition – and we know the problems with enforcing those. 

Devon County Council’s barrister said in his closing submission
206. The Appellant’s proffered obligation/suggested condition (it is difficult to keep track – it was in the draft s.106 but seemingly no longer) that the vehicles use HVO goes nowhere. Mr Gould gave up that he can point to no example of the use of HVO in the aggregates setting. This is, as was put to him, innovative technology (he denied that, before being taken to his Proof as “innovative” is his own word). There can be no reliance placed upon it. Nor has there been any evidence from the Appellant as to how the MPA might hope to monitor so as to ensure HVO is being used. The Appellant’s suggested condition does not begin to answer matters: it simply seeks to kick the can down the road and require the question of whether monitoring is possible to be addressed later. Not good enough. To be addressed now. 
Mr Gould, who represented Aggregate Industries, preposterously claimed "the proposal minimises transport of minerals with innovative solutions to help achieve this". 

Apart from all that, uptake of HVO is being rejected by a number of organisations, including the Environment Agency and others: 


Even before determination last year, we pointed to the fact that rising imports of used cooking oil into the UK for biodiesel is indirectly "encouraging more deforestation in Southeast Asia" with some research claiming it’s "three times worse for the climate than regular diesel when indirect emissions from changes in the use of land are accounted for". 

Others have problems with it too. HVO is primarily made from used cooking oils or UCO:
According to Jo Gilroy, Balfour Beatty’s group sustainability director, it is simply a matter of due diligence. “We’re very good at jumping on solutions and thinking they’re the answer to our problems, aren’t we?” she says. “We look for easy wins, and HVO looked like that. 
“But any one-hit wonder solution needs to be examined carefully; you always have to do your due diligence.” 
As momentum built in favour of HVO, Balfour Beatty decided it had to delve deeper into the sustainability claims being made for the fuel before approving its use. And what it has found so far has only raised doubts. 
The chemistry of HVO is well understood but less clear is the sustainability of its supply chain. “What does the supply chain look like?” demands Gilroy, “Nobody knows - it’s very complex and there’s very little transparency.” 
One of the big attractions of HVO is that it purports to transform a troublesome waste material into a valuable commodity. But Gilroy says this is misleading: “UCO has always been used in the production of animal feed – it’s not a waste product,” she says. 
This might appear to be a mere technicality, but if one industry’s feedstock is diverted to supply another industry’s needs, alternative sources must be found. If producers of animal feed cannot obtain enough raw material in the form of UCO, they will turn to primary sources, namely commercially-grown vegetable oils such as palm oil. 
Mention palm oil and you open a whole new environmental can of worms...
Balfour Beatty’s Position paper on HVO can be found here
There is a high risk that the resulting increase in demand for used cooking oil is causing deforestation and the draining of peatland and marshland in countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia where farmers are having to grow palm oil to produce animal feedstock. Such displacement activity has an extremely damaging impact on the environment: these areas store large amounts of carbon, so clearing them would lead to a significant increase in carbon emissions in those countries. EU research indicates that once the effects of land use change and draining of peatland are accounted for, the GHG impact of palm-oil derived HVO could be up to 3 times greater than standard fossil fuel diesel.

Tungsten West’s secondary aggregates plan for Hemerdon Mine on hold

Tungsten West has withdrawn its planning application DCC/4314/2022 to increase HGV movements from Plymouth's tungsten and tin mine at Hemerdon from 50 to 200 per day. The application to facilitate the sale of secondary aggregates had attracted hundreds of objections. The company says it has listened
As a new company, we’ve learned a lot from this experience – the strength of feeling from local people about the volume of traffic and times of movements was severely underestimated, but we’ve heard you, we’ve listened and we’re taking action. We still believe that selling our secondary aggregates is the right thing to do, not only because it makes good business sense to minimise waste and maximise income streams, it will also benefit the environment, as secondary aggregates produce approximately 25% of the carbon footprint of primary aggregates. However, we are not prepared to develop a secondary aggregates business in a way that costs us the relationships we are trying to build with the local and wider community... In the short-term, we will halt the sale of secondary aggregates. Once we are in production, we will look to work within the HGV movement limits of 50 per day specified in our existing planning permission as our starting position. 
Previous posts on the Hemerdon Mine can be found here.


EDIT 12.12.22

Sales of aggregates continued throughout the reporting period, with £117,000 revenue being recognised. The Group ceased its production of aggregates from waste material left by the previous operator after selling 102,000 tonnes of material and demonstrating the ability to establish a market for the product. Aggregates production will recommence as the mineral processing ramp up completes. Product mix and volumes will be in line with mine waste facility strategy and valid permits.

Holcim cement plant to pay $100K in settlement over air pollution violations

Wednesday 16 November 2022

Town Farm Quarry extension

A planning application by Hanson to extend working at Town Farm Quarry, near Burlescombe, of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds – the same sand and gravel resource that underlies Straitgate Farm – has been validated by Devon County Council this week. Application DCC/4326/2022 is for: 
Variation of condition 2 of permission number DCC/2770/2009 for the extension of time for a period of 10 years to allow for the completion of approved mineral extraction and restoration 
Hanson’s Non-Technical Summary says: 
1.2 Planning permission was originally granted by Devon County Council (Devon), the mineral planning authority, in 2010 for the development of a lateral extension to the original Town Farm Quarry. The sand and gravel in the extension area was due to be worked out and the land restored by 14 November 2022. However, output from the quarry has been less than expected and there remains a substantial volume of sand and gravel that will not be extracted by the current end date. 

13.3 Mineral extraction and restoration is expected to take a further 10 years and it is proposed to extend the end date by 10 years from 14 November 2022 to 14 November 2032. The proposed variation to condition 2 is set out below. Proposed Variation of Condition 2 The winning and working of sand and gravel at the site shall cease and the site be restored in accord with the approved Restoration Masterplan by 14 November 2032. 

14.2 There remains approximately 1 million tonnes of sand and gravel reserves yet to be worked and this material cannot be extracted, nor the Site restored by 14 November 2022. A time extension of 10 years is sought to allow all the remaining mineral to be extracted and the restoration to be completed. There are no other alterations to the approved development. 
Devon County Council’s most recent Local Aggregates Assessment says: 
2.5.8 Town Farm forms part of Hanson’s Whiteball operation, for which the processing plant lies in Somerset adjacent to its border with Devon. In recent years, extraction of sand and gravel for Whiteball has taken place within Devon at Town Farm; however, an application was submitted to Somerset County Council in March 2017 for the extraction of 400,000 tonnes of sand and gravel at Whiteball within Somerset, and this is awaiting determination. 

2.5.9 Following completion of extraction at Town Farm, it is anticipated that the Whiteball processing plant will be supplied from materials extracted in Somerset, for which Somerset County Council’s Minerals Plan identifies a Preferred Area and an Area of Search. This suggests that, during the latter part of the period to 2033 covered by the Devon Minerals Plan, some of the sand and gravel supply previously delivered from Devon will be met from Somerset through continued working at Whiteball.

Tuesday 8 November 2022

COP27 has begun, and suddenly the polluters pretend to care

Aggregate Industries and its parent company Holcim’s lamentable record on CO2 and climate action is the subject of far too many posts on this blog. But now that COP27 has started, it’s clearly time for things like this again:


Even in Devon, how much Aggregate Industries actually cares about climate action is plain for all to see. 

In 2015, Aggregate Industries recognised the harm of processing Straitgate material 23 miles away at Hillhead, warning "processing at Hillhead may be feasible, but would generate a massively greater quantity of CO2 emissions", and would be "unsustainable": 
8.38 Hillhead Quarry does, however, present an option for processing of the Straitgate deposit, but the consequential impact of additional CO2 emissions from greater haulage distances are considered to be unsustainable. 
Fast forward to 2022 – with the climate emergency even more urgent – and processing at Hillhead is exactly what Aggregate Industries wants to do, appealing Devon County Council’s decision to refuse its proposed quarry at Straitgate Farm with haulage of as-dug material totalling some 2.5 million miles.  

At the appeal, the barrister representing Aggregate Industries had the gall to claim "transport has been "minimised", complying with M22 [of the Devon Minerals Plan]... Having regard to the available options, the HVO offer, and the greenhouse gas report."

Of course, no other UK aggregates operator hauls as-dug sand and gravel 23 miles for processing. 
 

And it’s surprising that Aggregate Industries even references the infamous greenhouse gas report, subject of much discussion at the appeal. Devon County Council's barrister called it "a deeply flawed piece of work" – completely ignoring the 8 million tonnes of sand and gravel allocated right next door to the Hillhead processing plant. 

That’s how much Aggregate Industries really cares about climate change.

More evidence: unsaturated zone velocity – metres per YEAR not metres per day

At the Straitgate Inquiry, much of the hydrogeology discussion centred around the speed at which groundwater travels through the unsaturated zone. 

The barrister for Devon County Council said in his closing submission
52. In the face of the literature that has measured speed down through the Sherwood Sandstone (of which the BSPB is part) of 1.06m/year, the Appellant advances a remarkable claim: that speed is in fact in a range up to 16.9m/day, by reference to some open borehole and trial pit testing and relying on relatively rapid responses to rainfall shown by borehole loggers measuring (through pressure) the level of the water table. 
What a coincidence then that during the Inquiry this paper should be published:
 

It concerns the international problem of nitrate pollution in groundwater: 
When understanding the impacts of this nitrate legacy on water quality, the nitrate transport velocity (vN) in the unsaturated zone (USZ) is of great significance. Although some local USZ vN data measured or simulated are available, there has been no such a dataset at the global scale. Here, we present a Global-scale unsaturated zone Nitrate transport Velocity dataset (GNV) generated from a Nitrate Time Bomb (NTB) model using global permeability and porosity and global average annual groundwater recharge data.
As anyone casting their eye over the paper will see – velocity in the unsaturated zone is measured in metres per year NOT metres per day.

Monday 31 October 2022

Grand Designs: ‘Four unsuccessful attempts at drilling a borehole’

At the Straitgate Farm Planning Inquiry, no evidence was presented by Aggregate Industries to demonstrate how alternative water supplies could be provided to the 120 people reliant on the Straitgate aquifer in the event of derogation.

It’s a serious omission. Anyone watching Grand Designs last week will understand why. 

The issue of alternative water supplies and how they could be provided is one we have posted about in the past – here and here are just two examples. 

At the Public Inquiry, the barrister representing Devon County Council said in his closing submission
125. Minerals Plan Table C.4 is clear regarding the need to include provision for alternative supply in the event of derogation, and the Appellant has been reminded of the need throughout (see e.g. 2.8 of [CD4.07A]). But the Appellant has adopted an approach that amounts to a crossing of fingers, with an approach in the s.106 that is no more than a plan to make a plan, consistent with its unjustifiable downplaying of the significance to be afforded the PWSs and the potential impacts upon them.  
The barrister representing Straitgate Action Group said in his closing submission
33. There is no evidence that any of the 120 people reliant on private water supplies could easily be provided with mains water as an alternative. 
38. There is no evidence that an alternative borehole would be available.
46. SAG has consistently been asking for detail to satisfy it that practical mitigation that works in the real world has been worked up and secured. The Appellant has done preciously little to demonstrate that the mitigation would ensure no more than a negligible impact in practice. A take it or leave it offer letter setting out a series of measures, none of which has actually been shown to be practicable or achievable within a realistic timescale, is simply not good enough.
Even now, all that Aggregate Industries’ proposed Unilateral Undertaking legal agreement says is:
3. If the investigation confirms that it is AIUKs operations at Straitgate that are the cause of the loss or reduction in supply or contamination of a PWS, then AIUK will provide at their own expense one, or a combination of, the following solutions: 
Appropriate water treatment;
Deepen existing borehole;
Provide additional pumping equipment;
Pay compensation for increased pumping costs;
Install appropriate treatment systems to deal with contamination;
Provide a new borehole;
Provide additional storage facilities;
Install a mains supply connection;
Any other solution proposed by the expert (please see below)
How much of this is possible? No-one knows. No feasibility study has ever been commissioned. 

What if private water users don’t agree with the solution? 
If you do not agree to the solution proposed by AIUK or the expert (as appropriate) you shall be under no obligation to accept AIUK's proposal to implement that solution. However, should you reject the proposal (which shall include but not be limited to refusing AIUK access to your property to implement the solution), AIUK shall be under no further obligation to propose and/or implement a solution to the issue.  
And what about any extra ongoing charges – for treatment or from South West Water, for example? Surely, it’s the least that can be offered if your spring water has been compromised? 
For the avoidance of doubt, AIUK shall only be responsible for implementing the proposed solution and not for any subsequent charges, fees or any other costs associated with the solution once implemented.  
Which says a lot doesn’t it? If there were little risk to water supplies, this would be an easy promise to make. Obviously the bean counters at Aggregate Industries are not convinced there is little risk. 

Why at this stage do we need any more than "a plan to make a plan"? Anyone watching Grand Designs last week will appreciate that securing a source of water cannot be taken for granted. 

The programme followed a DIY off-grid cowshed conversion in Somerset. On the subject of water: 
Following four unsuccessful attempts at drilling a borehole to bring in a water supply, the couple switched to a water harvesting system.
Apparently, these intrepid self-builders have now come to value water as a precious resource, reportedly getting excited when it rains and having "a very relaxed attitude to flushing". 

Of course, as things currently stand, there are no problems with private water supplies around Straitgate. People don’t need to get excited when it rains, or have a relaxed attitude to flushing.

AI’s appeal against Chard Junction Quarry refusal in Dorset AONB dismissed

Aggregate Industries’ planning application to extend its Chard Junction Quarry at Westford Park Farm in the Dorset AONB, WD/D/19/000451, was refused last year by Dorset Council.


The Planning Inspectorate has today dismissed the appeal:
 

Thursday 27 October 2022

Holcim emitted more than 7bn tonnes of CO2 between 1950 and 2021

... according to research by the Climate Accountability Institute – that’s 0.42% of all historical global industrial emissions. 

It’s a shameful legacy for one company to bequeath to humanity – especially since:
Leading companies and industry associations were aware of, or wilfully ignored, the threat of climate change from continued use of their products since the late 1950s.
Yesterday, the United Nations warned that current pledges to cut greenhouse gas emissions will lead to global heating of 2.5C – a level that would condemn the world to catastrophic climate breakdown. Today, Inger Andersen, executive director of the UN Environment Programme, said:
We had our chance to make incremental changes, but that time is over. Only a root-and-branch transformation of our economies and societies can save us from accelerating climate disaster... Every fraction of a degree matters: to vulnerable communities, to ecosystems, and to every one of us.
Cement giant Holcim – previously badged LafargeHolcim until controversies like the one below – is the parent company of Aggregate Industries.

It is ranked 47 out of the Top 100 emitters by The University of Massachusetts Amherst’s 2021 greenhouse polluters index. 

Of course, you'd never know. Holcim doesn’t broadcast its dirty secret. It is the same company pumping out statements like "Sustainability is at the core of what we do", and that concrete is "the ideal sustainable material for our future", and that "Our teams are going above and beyond to keep our people and communities safe, while firmly leading our decarbonization journey."

Maybe one day companies will be banned from greenwashing. There was a glimmer of hope last week from the Advertising Standards Authority, which banned a series of misleading adverts from HSBC promoting climate-friendly initiatives. The watchdog ruled that the bank had to ensure any future environmental claims were: 
adequately qualified and did not omit material information about its contribution to carbon dioxide and greenhouse gas emissions. 
Campaign groups welcomed the ASA’s ruling, saying it was a "significant moment in the fight to prevent banks from greenwashing their image." 

Clearly, it’s not just banks. Holcim proclaims it "takes climate action very seriously." But not seriously enough to stop its UK subsidiary from appealing the decision by Devon County Council to refuse permission to haul bog-standard aggregate 23 miles from quarry face to processing plant – a distance unheard of in the UK.

But, as we touched upon in the post Holcim’s cost to society in 2021? 156 million tons of CO2 emissions, the company’s carbon legacy and the impact it has left upon us is now being tested in the courts in "a first-of-its-kind lawsuit". 

According to Agung Wardana, an environmental law expert and a Humboldt Fellow at Max Planck Institute for International Law in Heidelberg, Germany, the lawsuit showcases an increase in public awareness on climate change and a desire for justice: 
This will be a landmark case in Indonesia. I think many others could follow suit in demanding accountability of major polluters. The homework to win the case is to find the causality between Holcim’s activities and its impact on Pari Island. That’s the challenge.

Tuesday 18 October 2022

Lafarge pleads guilty to US charges of supporting Islamic State

Accusations that Aggregate Industries’ parent company financed terrorism in Syria date back to 2016 – as we have previously posted.

Today, Reuters reports
NEW YORK, Oct 18 (Reuters) - French cement maker Lafarge pleaded guilty on Tuesday to U.S. charges of supporting the Islamic State by keeping a factory running in Syria after conflict broke out in 2011, according to a court hearing. 

The admission in Brooklyn federal court marked the first time a company has pleaded guilty in the United States to charges of providing material support to a terrorist organization. Lafarge, which became part of Swiss-listed Holcim in 2015, is also facing charges of complicity in crimes against humanity in Paris. 

Lafarge agreed to forfeit $687 million and pay a fine of $90 million in its guilty plea.

U.S. Attorney Breon Peace for the Eastern District of New York said
In the midst of a civil war, Lafarge made the unthinkable choice to put money into the hands of ISIS, one of the world’s most barbaric terrorist organizations, so that it could continue selling cement. Lafarge did this not merely in exchange for permission to operate its cement plant – which would have been bad enough – but also to leverage its relationship with ISIS for economic advantage, seeking ISIS’s assistance to hurt Lafarge’s competition in exchange for a cut of Lafarge’s sales. Today, Lafarge has admitted and taken responsibility for its staggering crime. Never before has a corporation been charged with providing material support and resources to foreign terrorist organizations. This unprecedented charge and resolution reflect the extraordinary crimes committed and demonstrates that corporations that take actions in contravention of our national security interests in violation of the law will be held to account.

Sunday 16 October 2022

The Public Inquiry has finished

The 8-day Public Inquiry into the appeal by Aggregate Industries against the refusal last year by Devon County Council for a sand and gravel quarry at Straitgate Farm with haulage of the as-dug material to Hillhead Quarry finished sitting on Friday. The Inquiry will be formally closed on 25 October* to allow for a 3-week consultation on the additional Regulation 22 information supplied by Aggregate Industries.
 
A big thank you to all those who have generously supported us, including Ottery St Mary Town Council and all those who donated via JustGiving

A big thank you too to our legal team, Tim Taylor of Khift Ltd and Richard Moules of Landmark Chambers, and to the rest of our team – Rick Brassington, Laura Horner, Alex Meletiou and Rupert Thistlethwayte – and to those who spoke at the Inquiry, including Cllrs Jess Bailey, Roger Giles and Amanda Townsend. 

A big thank you must also go to those at Devon County Council who facilitated the smooth running of the Inquiry, to the Minerals Team, and to the experts fielded by the Council – including barrister James Burton, hydrogeologists Paul Thomson and Nathan Littlewood, ecologist Chrissy Mason, arboriculturist Michael Steed, heritage expert Ignus Froneman and planning expert Robin Upton. 

The closing submissions by the three barristers can be found below. There is no need to repeat the issues raised, save for these few points: 

It was established that the groundwater system around Straitgate Farm is fragile and unique; that there is a risk to private water supplies, that a precautionary approach should be taken, and that alternative water supplies must be provided should there be any derogation. No evidence was presented to the Inquiry by AI to demonstrate how alternative water supplies could be provided to the 120 people reliant on the Straitgate aquifer. 

It was established that there is no precedent for working down to the maximum water table where there are sensitive water receptors nearby, without maintaining a permanent freeboard or safety margin. 

It was established that no testing had taken place to reliably determine the infiltration rates and hydraulic conductivity across the site. The tests that were performed were judged by the company’s own expert to be "pretty crude". It was established that no mineralogy studies have been conducted on the material at Straitgate to understand what effect the minerals have on groundwater, particularly on the pH. 

It was established by AI’s hydrogeologist that some of the monitoring boreholes showed confined behaviour, making – according to SAG’s and DCC's hydrogeologists – the area proposed for extraction even more important to sensitive groundwater receptors. 

It was established that AI’s flood risk model is based on an unreliable infiltration rate. 

It was established that AI had underplayed the importance and number of trees that would be lost. 

It was established that surveys for European protected species were out of date, and that there had been habitat changes since the survey work was undertaken. 

It was established that there would be a need for a cattle crossing; it was not established how the situation would be resolved. 

It was established that there is nothing particularly special about the Straitgate sand and gravel deposit. It is not, as AI had claimed, "a recognised source of high specification aggregate." It is not, as AI had claimed, a source of scarce yellow sand. It does not, as AI had claimed, contain 60% gravel. 

It was established that the Preferred Area West of Penslade Cross, next door to the processing plant at Hillhead, is an area of the Budleigh Salterton Pebble Beds that has fewer constraints than Straitgate Farm, and has eight-times the resource. It was established that AI intends to seek pre-application advice regarding Penslade before the end of this year, with a view to submitting a planning application in 2023. 

The Planning Inspectors’ decision is expected in the next few months.
* EDIT Inquiry formally closed on 4.11.22

Sunday 9 October 2022

Straitgate Inquiry reports from Cllr Roger Giles

... can be found on Cllr Jess Bailey’s blog.

Hydrogeology Presentation

On the first day of the Inquiry, the expert hydrogeologist acting on behalf of Devon County Council gave a presentation, which, for those with water supplies or an interest in the subject, we include below.
 

Devon County Council’s Planning Rebuttal, and Statement in respect of Reason for Refusal 3, can be found here and here.

Thursday 29 September 2022

7 years on – less than 7 days before the Inquiry – AI is still supplying information

You might have thought Aggregate Industries would have its ducks in a row after all this time. 

But no. More than 7 years on from its first application, Aggregate Industries is still supplying information in an effort to prop up its planning application to quarry Straitgate Farm.

The additional information was requested by the Planning Inspectorate in August, as we posted

Today, just days before the Planning Inquiry starts, a raft of new documents has been accepted by the Planning Inspectorate, and 21 days of public consultation on this information will now begin. As usual, it contains the normal clangers we have come to expect from Aggregate Industries.

The information supplied is CD4.85 to CD4.91 in this document list

The Planning Inspectorate says: 
The Inspector will be mindful of the dates at which the Council and Rule 6 party has received the further information (relative to the Inquiry start date) and in opening the Inquiry will ask for the parties’ views on whether they require additional time for preparation of their evidence.  An appropriate allowance will be made for this.      

Although publicity of further information in accordance with Regulation 22 of the 2011 EIA Regulations is not a statutory requirement for appeals going by hearing or inquiry, the Appellant is going to be running a publicity/consultation exercise on the further information, which we anticipate will close 21 days after publication of a newspaper notice (EIA Reg 22(3) refers). Interested parties could therefore submit any additional comments on the further information as part of that consultation process.  

Inquiry draft programmes, agendas, time estimates, etc.

Inspectors' Pre-Inquiry Note 

MPA comments regarding draft s.106 and draft supplemental deed 

Tuesday 20 September 2022

Proofs of Evidence

Proofs of Evidence have today been lodged with the Planning Inspectorate, and can be found here.

Devon County Council

Aggregate Industries  

Straitgate Action Group