Thursday, 25 January 2024

HVO – where on earth will all the used cooking oil come from?

Aggregate Industries’ magical solution to its unsustainable 2.5 million mile haulage scheme for Straitgate Farm – a result of processing the as-dug sand and gravel 23 miles away at Hillhead near Uffculme – is to rely on hydrotreated vegetable oil, HVO, despite, as of early 2024, HVO being around 40 pence per litre more expensive than normal diesel. 

Condition 22 of the planning permission to quarry the farm says: 
Prior to the export of any sand or gravel from the site, a scheme which ensures that all heavy goods vehicles entering and leaving the site, together with all plant and equipment located within the site, use hydrotreated vegetable oil fuel shall be submitted to and approved in writing by the Mineral Planning Authority. The scheme shall include details of how the use of hydrotreated vegetable oil fuel will be monitored to secure compliance with this condition. All heavy goods vehicles and plant shall be used in accordance with the approved scheme. 
In 2022, we posted HVO – AI’s answer to the Straitgate sustainability issue – gets bad press and questioned how the company's HVO scheme would work in practice: 
How this would be done is anybody’s guess, since the company does not own its own fleet of trucks and HVO is not available on garage forecourts – as Devon County Council pointed out. How this would be monitored and policed is another issue – as the Council also acknowledged. 
We also posted that HVO is blamed for indirectly "encouraging more deforestation in Southeast Asia" with some research claiming it’s "three times worse for the climate than regular diesel when indirect emissions from changes in the use of land are accounted for". How so? HVO is primarily made from used cooking oils, UCO, which is used in the production of animal feed. Increased demand for UCO will lead to increasing use of palm oil as a replacement, therefore increasing deforestation. Across Europe, imports account for more than half of the UCO that's made into fuel. According to this study, there's no way to prove these imports are sustainable: 
China supplies over a third (34%) of Europe’s UCO imports while almost a fifth (19%) comes from major palm oil producers Malaysia and Indonesia combined. Within a decade the volume Europe needs could double to 6 million tonnes as EU countries strive to meet targets for renewable fuels in transport, the study finds. This in turn could trigger palm oil being used to replace cooking oil in exporting countries while also incentivising fraud (mixing virgin oil).
HVO is fully compatible with petroleum diesel and can also be upgraded for use as ‘Sustainable Aviation Fuel’ (SAF). 
According to Ryanair’s Michael O’Leary, sustainable aviation fuels are a con.

They’re a wheeze. Unless governments get in behind the production and sourcing of sustainable aviation fuels – and they’re only going to come from, ultimately, the oil majors, the only ones who are going to make them – I don’t see where we will get the supply in the volumes we need. You want everybody running around collecting fucking cooking oil? There isn’t enough cooking oil in the world to power more than one day’s aviation. 
Whilst Ryanair has deals with oil majors for up to 9.5% of its fuel needs in SAF by 2030, O’Leary said: 
But we have no idea that they’ll be able to make those kinds of volumes. 
Whilst capacity for HVO is forecast to double by 2028, demand is set to outstrip supply. 

Aggregate Industries is new to the HVO scene. In June last year, the company made a big song and dance about a single HVO-fuelled cement tanker being a "UK biofuel first". For Straitgate, it is conditioned, as pointed out above, that all the trucks, and all the plant and equipment located within the site, will need to use HVO.
 

At our Bardon Hill Quarry we are replacing diesel with HVO on equipment such as generators, compressors and crushing and screening plant. All of our HVO is traceable to source under the International Sustainability & Carbon Certification Scheme, does not result in any deforestation and will save an estimated 3,301 tonnes of CO2e at Bardon Hill. The savings from this, together with our suspended conveyor system saves enough carbon annually equivalent to driving a car 26,000 miles. 
Which is all very commendable – albeit the 26k miles is insignificant compared with the company’s HGV haulage plan for Straitgate. But whilst it may be possible to claim that the HVO used by AI does not directly cause deforestation, proving it does not indirectly cause it, proving that the UCO used in making its HVO is not causing more palm oil to be grown elsewhere as a replacement, is another matter. 

The concern must be that if every corporate is now going to be greenwashing their pollution away with the delights of HVO, where on earth will all the used cooking oil come from? And how many millions more acres of rainforest will have to be cleared to replace it? 

Almuth Ernsting of NGO Biofuelwatch warns: 
We are deeply concerned that HVO is being used and promoted in ever more sectors, from aviation fuels to cars and now as a heating fuel, too. While a limited amount of HVO can be made from genuine waste products such as used cooking oil, such waste products are in very short supply and come nowhere near meeting current HVO demand... EU and UK biofuel sustainability and greenhouse gas standards still permit biofuels from palm oil and soy to count towards renewable energy targets, and they are based on a flawed greenhouse gas methodology which ignores the greatest source of emissions – indirect land use change.
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